• The Photographer: Jewish photographer, Barry Schwarz, was struck by the bright red colour of the blood on the Shroud. This may be explained by high levels of bilirubin, indicating extreme trauma.

  • Physical Appearance of the Man: The Shroud suggests the man was tall (around 1.90 meters), athletic, and Semitic in appearance, with long hair, a forked beard, and a prominent nose.

  • Details of Suffering:

    • Fractured nose and loss of sight in right eye.

    • Torn beard and moustache.

    • Dehydration.

    • Position of the body during crucifixion.

  • The Crown of Thorns: The crown of thorns was more like a cap than a diadem, made of thorny branches and causing great pain.